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Actor and Archer: The double life of Robert Hardy

Robert Hardy CBE (1924-2017) was a man of many talents. Famous for roles such as Henry V, Winston Churchill, Siegfried Farnon and Cornelius Fudge, he also had a passion for archery and the English Longbow; writing two books on the subject between 1976-2005. He contributed to the identification, conservation, recording and analysis of the longbows found onboard the Mary Rose. His efforts, alongside a team of specialists (who have been named where possible) ought to be recognized as their dedication has transformed our understanding of Tudor archery. Although this blog is unable to do the story justice in 500 words, it aims to summarise and pay tribute to Hardy on the anniversary of his death.

In 1979, when the treasures of the Mary Rose were yet to be fully discovered, a 6ft 5 inch, slightly bent, rather knobbly and almost black shaft of timber was unearthed- but what could it be? The task of identifying this timber was given to Robert Hardy, author of the ‘Longbow: A Social and Military History’, whose book brought him to the attention of lead archaeologist Margaret Rule.

Hardy later commented:

‘My telephone rang, thank goodness! And I was posthaste down to Portsmouth where they said, “Tell us about this thing, it is a longbow not a pike staff isn’t it?” And I said, “Good heavens it is a longbow”, and nearly fainted.’

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Hardy testing a replica longbow on board the ‘Sleipner’, the diving support vessel for divers and historians above the wreck

The excitement and anticipation of this moment cannot be understated, with Hardy’s knowledge and enthusiasm earning him a place amongst the first three leading specialists to examine the longbows, alongside Prof. Peter Pratt and Prof. John Levy.

Over the following three years, as 172 longbows were unearthed, Hardy’s team were entrusted with their documentation and conservation. So personal an endeavour was this for Hardy, that they were kept in his own cellar during the initial drying phase. They were individually cleaned, weighed and catalogued every day- a tremendous task, documented by Hardy’s secretary Wendy Garcin. Then, following the advice from Tudor archer Roger Ascham, each bow was polished by hand first with linseed oil, then beeswax:

‘everyday you must rub and chase your bow, till it shine and glitter withal…neither any wet of weather can enter to hurt it’.

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Hardy and team drawing the longbows on an Instron machine to measure the weight being added, allowing them to estimate the strength

However, Hardy’s efforts did not stop there. Permission was granted for his team to test a small number of the bows until destruction. Using an Instron machine, they began gradually bending the shafts by adding weight to the tips to simulate drawing the bow.

‘We were nervous wrecks by the end of it’, having tested a bow over 450 years old, monitoring the weight needed to bend it until it broke! By testing it to maximum capacity: ‘we knew then, a great deal more than anybody had known before.’

But it was not all smooth sailing for Hardy. During testing, the team deduced that the strength of the bows was reduced by around 50% due to the deterioration of the wood. This posed a problem in how to accurately measure the draw weight. Thanks to the expertise of Dr Kooi of Groningen University, the construction of a computer modelling software solved this problem, accurately estimating their strength to range between 100-185 lbs.

This is a small selection of the vast collection of handwritten research by the team, including: diagrams, film rolls, photos; statistics and measurements of the weight, length, density and estimated strength; historiography and to scale bow charts. Notes have been gifted by Robert Hardy to the care of the Mary Rose Trust. Many thanks to those at the Trust for allowing me access to the collection- it was an honour to look through it all!
The bow that was broken during testing, in the Mary Rose Museum Reserve Collection.
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Hardy examining a replica longbow and arrow made by Roy King before testing the bow’s strength

Hardy and his team faced great opposition to their analysis from the archery community, with many doubting that Tudor archers could use bows of such immense draw weights. Previous estimates were 90-110lbs, while Hardy and team suggested most common draw weights were 150-160lbs from the Mary Rose.

But they did not give up. John Waller and Simon Stanley, archers capable of pulling such heavy bows with accuracy, helped prove their theories using replica ‘approximation’ bows made by expert bowyer Roy King. As the official bowmaker to the Mary Rose Trust, King’s skill and detailed research contributed towards understanding longbow construction and usage.

The dedication of the team to the accuracy of their findings saw them disprove further backlash, like suggestions of the bows being unfinished and lacking nocks. Hardy was particularly passionate about the subject of horn nocks, fighting with great conviction to prove they were indeed used, as the single surviving example found inside a concretion in 1997 proves.

Therefore, a tribute must be made to the late and great Robert Hardy whose dedication and passion led to renewed understanding about the construction and usage of the Tudor longbow. His efforts towards their conservation mean the longbows can be displayed in the museum and enjoyed by visitors for many years to come!

Archery and longbows on the Mary Rose
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