Modern glass of beer

Beer was much safer to drink than water because it was boiled during brewing. This killed all the germs in it.

The main ingredients of beer are barley and water, and the fruit of the hop plant was added to help the beer keep longer and give it a bitter taste.

Brewing good beer was an art, and very hard work. The best beer was made when the weather wasn't too warm or too cold. The best time was in March and October. This beer could be kept for a year or more and everybody prefered it well matured.

Of course, it wasn't always made very well and the people who tasted one batch said of it...

much of it as small (weak) as penny beer and as sour as a crab (they probably meant a crab apple, not the thing with claws!) I doubt not that your Lordships will see the brewers punished.

8th June 1513, Thomas Lord Howard to the Council. SP Hen. VIII, 229, f.187. RO